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Rules for using DASH: An endash (–) is used to connect numbers or to connect elements of a compound adjective: 1868–1878, Dublin–Cork trains. The emdash (—) is twice as long as the endash. It is used to: 1. Indicate a break in thought or sentence structure 2. Introduce a phrase added for emphasis, definition, or …
Rules for numbers and numerals: In technical documents use the numeral: 15, 99, 20%, 5 trials, 123 million. In nontechnical documents spell out whole numbers less that 101: fifteen, ninety-nine, one hundred, 101, 250, 5,000 —except for percentages, years and dates, page numbers and chapter numbers: 20 percent, 2021, 14 January, page 3, chapter 10.
Rules for capitalisation of geographical names: Coordinates and imaginary boundaries are lowercased: prime meridian, equator. Distinct areas of globe are capitalised: Arctic Circle, Tropic of Capricorn. Proper place names, nicknames, historical place names are capitalised: Ireland, Northwest Passage, European Union.